新西兰教育体制介绍2

新西兰教育

新西兰的教育分为三大部分：初等教育（小学），中等教育（中学，及初高中一体）和高等教育（大学或理工学院）

2009年，经济合作与发展组织（OECD），关于国际学生能力评估项目中，新西兰学生在科学和阅读方面排名全世界第7位，数学平均水平在世界上排第13位.

Primary and secondary education小学和中学教育

新西兰的中小学教育面对于所有新西兰公民和永久居民来说是免费的。主要向于5周岁至19周岁的所有孩子，其中法令要求6至16周岁的孩子必须进行应有的教育。

新西兰的孩子，5周岁生日起即可参加到小学课程中去，而5岁前的孩子大多会参加一些幼儿园或学前班的教育。

  • Playcentre (出生至入学年龄均可参与，课程主要以“玩”为主)
  • Kindergarten (招收3至5岁的孩子)
  • Kohanga Reo,
  • Licensed Early Childhood Centres (招收0至5岁的孩子，为私立幼儿园)
  • Chartered Early Childhood Centres (招收0至5岁的孩子，为公立幼儿园)

在新西兰大部分学生的初等和中等教育一直持续到18周岁，还有部分有特殊需求或帮助的学生可以延续到21周岁

按正常18周岁结束中等教育，学生须在小学及中学接受13年的教育。一般情况下，学生可以在居住地周围4.8公里区域内选择入读的学校，而许多学校配备校车，方便接送学生。

Years of schooling上学的年龄

2000年初，新西兰引入了NCEA教育体制，将原来的Form更改为现在的Year，很多人也已经适应了这种体制的相关专业术语，但还有一些老一辈的人习惯用Form来称呼学年

新西兰的孩子5岁即可入读小学，称为Year1，从Year1到Year13，一共13个学年，其中Year7到Year8称为Intermediate，但必须在14周岁之前完成Year8的课程，Year9开始称为

There are 13 academic year levels, numbered 1 through to 13. Students turning five enter at Year 1 if they begin school at the beginning of the school year or before the cut-off date (31 March in legislation, later for most schools). Students who turn five late in the year might stay in Year 1 for the next school year depending on their academic progress. Students in Years 7 and 8 may attend an Intermediate School which provides a transition from primary schooling to secondary schooling. The last year of primary schooling is Year 8, and students must vacate Year 8 by the end of the school year after their 14th birthday (although most students are 12–13 when they transition to secondary school). The first year of secondary education is Year 9. Students who do not achieve sufficient credits in NCEA may or may not repeat Year 11, 12 or 13, while attempting to attain credits not achieved in NCEA—repeating a

year often depends on what credit have been attained and what NCEA levels the majority of study is at. Year 13 is seen as the traditional end of secondary school, with an extra funding year available for students who choose to remain after Year 13.13个学年；7-8年级叫Intermediate；14周岁前必须学完8年级；9年级开始是Secondary；NCEA不过重修.

Under the old system of Forms, Standards and Juniors, there were two Junior years followed by four Standard years in primary school, followed by seven Forms. Forms 1 and 2 were in intermediate school and the remaining five were in secondary school. 7-8年级是Form1和2

学年

6/ 30

年龄

原先

制度

课程

等级

类型

1

5

Junior 1

/Primer 1

Level 1

完整的小学

贡献小学

复合

学校

2

6

Junior 2

/Primer 2

3

7

Standard 1

Level 1-2

4

8

Standard 2

Level 2

5

9

Standard 3

Level 2-3

6

10

Standard 4

Level 3

7

11

Form 1

/Standard 5

Level 3

中级

学校

7-13年级中学/中级中学

8

12

Form 2

/Standard 6

Level 3-4

9

13

Form 3

Level 4

中学

10

14

Form 4

Level 5

11

15

Form 5

Level 6

/ Level 1

12

16

Form 6

Level 7

/ Level 2

13

17

Form 7

Level 8

/ Level 3


Types of schools by years学校类型（按年龄分）

While there is overlap in some schools, primary school traditionally runs from Year 1 to Year 8 and secondary school from Year 9 to Year 13. Depending on the area, Years 7 and 8 may be taken either at a 'full' primary school (in contrast to a Year 1–6 'contributing' primary school), a separate intermediate school, or at a Year 7–13 secondary school. 小学Primary1-8；中学Secondary9-13; Intermediate7-8

The main six types of schools are: 6种种类

  • Contributing Primary school: Years 1–6 (ages 5–11). There are no private contributing primaries.
  • Full Primary school: Years 1–8 (ages 5–13). Common among integrated and private schools.
  • Intermediate school: Years 7–8 (ages 10–13). Only two non-state intermediate schools exist.
  • Secondary school: Years 9–13 (ages 12–18).
  • Year 7–13 secondary school or Secondary school with intermediate: Years 7–13 (ages 10–18). Common among integrated and private schools, and state schools in Invercargill and South Island provincial areas.
  • Composite school or Area school: Years 1–13 (ages 5–18). Common among integrated and private schools.

There are some schools that fall outside the traditional year groupings. All of the following types of schools are rare, with less than ten of each type existing. 极少量学校如下

  • Middle School: Years 7–10 (ages 10–15). Only six exist
  • Senior School: Years 11–13 (ages 14–18). Only two exist (Albany Senior High School and Ormiston Senior College, both in Auckland)
    • In addition, there are three other types of schools defined by the Ministry of Education: 教育局定义以下3种学校
  • Correspondence school: Preschool – Year 13 (Preschool – age 19). Serves distance education, for those in remote areas or for individual subjects not offered by a school. The only school of this type is the national correspondence school: Te Aho o Te Kura Pounamu. 远程教育，学前-13年级
  • Special school: Preschool – age 21. Serves special education to those with intellectual impairments, visual or hearing impairments, or learning and social difficulties, who receive Ongoing Resourcing Scheme (ORS) funding. 特殊学校
  • Teen parent unit: Years 9–15 (age 12–19). Serves teenage parents in continuing secondary school education. They are under the jurisdiction of a hosting secondary school, but are largely autonomous. 十几岁的父母的学校

    • Types of schools by funding 学校类型（按经费分）

    There are three types of schools: state, private (or independent) and state-integrated schools. State and state integrated schools are government funded. Private schools may receive some funding from the government (between $1013 and $2156 per student per year in 2013, GST exclusive), but largely rely on tuition fees. State-integrated schools are former private schools which are now "integrated" into the state system under the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975 "on a basis which will preserve and safeguard the special character of the education provided by them". According to the Ministry of Education, in July 2012, 84.8% of all school-aged children attend state schools, 11.4% attend state integrated schools and 3.8% attend private schools. In addition, parents may home school their own children if they can prove that their child will be "taught at least as regularly and as well as in a registered school", and are given an annual grant to help with costs, including services from The Correspondence School. The percentage of children home schooled is well under 2% even in the Nelson region, the area where it is most popular, but there are many local and national support groups. 3种：公立、私立和私转公；公和私转公是政府全额出资；私立是政府给部分+学费；2012年84.8%学生上公立、11.4%上私转公、3.8%上私立；2%不到家庭教育，须政府考核、批准、拨款

    While the state covers tuition for New Zealand citizens and permanent residents, students ordinarily pay for course materials and related costs, though these are not compulsory when related to the curriculum. Also, almost all schools charge a tax deductible "donation" that most parents pay. Private or independent schools charge tuition fees while state integrated schools may charge an additional levy ("attendance dues") for the upkeep of school buildings. International students holding valid student visas can also be enrolled in state-funded schools, provided they pay the appropriate international student tuition fees. Because Australian citizens and permanent residents do not require visas to study in New Zealand, they are classed as domestic students and therefore do not pay international fees. A number of schools use international student fees to supplement their state funding. 公立学校对公民与居民免费，须付课本费等，但非强制；多数学校有学税；私立学校收学费；私转公学校收取额外的税费；国际学生可入读公立，但须交学费，每个学校收费不同；澳洲居民被视为新西兰本国居民，免学费.

    State school enrolment schemes国立学校的录取体系

    Geographically based state school enrolment schemes were abolished in 1991 by the Fourth National Government and the Education Amendment Act 1991. Popular high-decile schools experienced large roll growths, while less popular low-decile school experienced roll declines. Schools could operate a roll limit if there was a risk of overcrowding, but enrollments under this scheme were on a "first come, first served" basis, potentially excluding local students. 按学区，好学校位置紧张，先报先入原则

    Māori Language in Education毛利语教育

    While English is the dominant language of education throughout New Zealand, this was not always the case, and in recent years there have been ongoing efforts to raisethe availability of Māori language education in New Zealand as one of New Zealand's three official languages. 毛利语是三大官方语


    Tertiary education高等教学

    Post-compulsory education is regulated within the New Zealand Qualifications Framework, a unified system of national qualifications in schools, vocational education and training.

    Universities大学

    Typically, a bachelor's degree will take three years, and a further year of study will lead to an Honours degree. Not every degree follows this 3+1 pattern: there are some four year degrees (which may or may not be awarded with Honours), and some specialist bachelor's degrees which take longer to complete. Typically, Honours may be awarded with first class, upper second class, lower second class or third class, but this can vary from degree to degree. A bachelor's degree may be followed by a Master's degree. A candidate who does not hold an Honours degree may be awarded a Master's degree with honours: such a degree usually involves two years study, compared to one year for a Master's degree for a candidate who does have an Honours degree. A candidate who has either a Master's degree or a bachelor's degree with Honours may proceed to a doctoral degree. 学士学位3年；荣誉学士学位4年；并非所有4年都是荣誉学士学位；个别本科学士学位课程需要多过3年；荣誉学士学位分一等、二等上、二等下和三等荣誉学士学位，不同专业有所不同；学士学位之后可学硕士学位；非荣誉学士学位也可能获得荣誉硕士学位；只有拥有荣誉学士学位或荣誉硕士学位的学生才有可能申请博士学位

    Entry to most universities was previously "open", that is to say that one only needed to meet the minimum requirements in the school-leaving examinations (be it NCEA or Bursary). However, most courses at New Zealand universities now have selective admissions, where candidates have to fulfill additional requirements through their qualifications, notably with the University of Auckland offering the largest number of selective-entry courses. Mature students usually do not need to meet the academic criteria demanded of students who enter directly from secondary school. 大学入学的条件很开放，只需达到最低要求，即通过NCEA；很多大学课程需要其他的条件；奥克兰大学开设的课程和专业最多；成年人入读无需中学成绩

    Domestic students will pay fees subsidised by the Government, and the student-paid portion of the fee can be loaned from the Government under the Government's Student Loan Scheme. Weekly stipends can be drawn from the loan for living expenses, or the student can apply for a needs based (on assessment of parental income) "Student Allowance", which does not need to be paid back. "Bonded Merit Scholarships" are also provided by the Government to cover the student-paid portion of fees. The New Zealand Scholarship is awarded to school leavers by a competitive examination and also provides financial support to school-leavers pursuing a university degree but does not entail any requirement to stay in the country after they finish university. International students pay full (non-subsidised) fees and are not eligible for Government financial assistance. 本地学生上大学须付少额的税；学生可申请学生贷款；部分学生可申请学生津贴；奖学金；国际留学生须付全费，并不能申请政府补助

    Universities in New Zealand:

    Colleges of education教育学院

    The name 'College of Education' is protected by Act of Parliament. (Previously the name 'Teachers' College' was protected.) Only universities and standalone colleges of education may use this title. Thus, privately owned institutions that are not listed in Acts and that provide teacher education such as the Bethlehem Institute (Tauranga) and New Zealand Graduate School of Education (Christchurch) must use alternative names. 教育学院，培训老师，受政府保护，多数合并

    Below is a partial list of historical or existing colleges—specifically those listed in Acts of Parliament as public (Crown-owned) teacher education providers:


    Most colleges of education in New Zealand in the past 30 years have gradually consolidated (for example, Ardmore with Auckland), with the trend in the last 15 years to consider and effect mergers with universities closely allied to them, for example, the Hamilton and Palmerston North colleges amalgamated with Waikato and Massey respectively. In the 2004–2005 period, the Auckland and Wellington colleges merged with Auckland University and Victoria University respectively. In 2007, the Christchurch College of Education merged with the University of Canterbury. The remaining stand-alone college in Dunedin merged with the University of Otago in January 2007.

    Polytechnics理工学院21所

    Private Training Establishments私立学院

    Private Training Establishments have been around for many years in New Zealand. Their purpose is to provide training often not available in the public sector. They also provide training to special needs groups or in time frames that support different learner needs. Private Trainers like the Institute of Applied Learning in Otahuhu Auckland has provided domestic learners and international learners courses in Computing, Hospitality, Business, Health Care and Contact Centre for over 17 years. The tutors are generally drawn from industry rather than academia and the goal for most learners is employment quickly. A list of providers is available on NZQA and TEC websites. Private trainers have the ability to respond quickly to the changing needs of industry. Most providers provide courses that are NZQA accredited and many offer certificates, diplomas and degrees. Private trainers offer an alternative to state schools and many learners prefer the supportive environment of most private trainers. 根据市场需要而成立；老师来自企业而非学校；以就业为主要目的；有证书、大专甚至学士学位；NZQA认可

    Wānanga公立的毛利学院

    In the education system of New Zealand, a wānanga is a publicly owned tertiary institution that provides education in a Māori cultural context.

    Wānanga educational programmes are accredited through the New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA) and the Ministry of Education, and are partly governed by New Zealand's Tertiary Education Commission (TEC).

    In Maori tradition the word wānanga conveyed meanings related to highly evolved knowledge, lore, occult arts, and also "forum" in the sense of a discussion to arrive at deeper understanding. 以教毛利语和毛利文化为主

    Recognised wānanga in New Zealand

    Funding经费

    Primary and secondary小学和中学

    State and state integrated schools are allocated funding from the Government on a per-student basis to fund the running of the school. Smaller schools receive additional funding due to the added fixed costs of running them compared to larger schools, and schools also receive funding based on the school's socio-economic decile rating, with low-decile schools (i.e. those in poorer areas) receiving more funds. They may also receive funds from other activities, such as hiring out school facilities outside school hours to outside groups. Schools also ask for a voluntary donation from parents, informally known as "school fees", to cover extra expenses not covered by the government funding. This may range from $40 per child up to $800 per child in high decile state schools, to over $4000 in state integrated schools. The payment of this fee varies widely according to how parents perceive the school. Typically parents will also outlay $500–$1000 per year for uniforms, field trips, social events, sporting equipment and stationery at state schools. 公立与私转公由政府拨款；规模小的学校得到额外的经费；评分低的学校得到的经费多；通过其他活动获得经费；家长志愿捐款；$40-800公立高分学校；$4000以上私转公学校；$500-1000校服费、社交活动、运动器材、文具等

    Most state integrated schools also charge "attendance dues", a compulsory fee paid to the school's proprietors to cover the cost of maintaining and upgrading school land and buildings. Unlike voluntary donations, attendance dues are not optional and parents are contractually and legally required to pay them, and schools can take action to collect these or cancel the enrollment of a student if they are not paid. 私转公学校收取出席费，必交；公立学校的捐款为自愿

    Private schools rely mainly on tuition fees paid to the school by the parents of the students, although some funding is provided by the government. As of 2013, private schools receives from the Government (exclusive of GST) $1013 for every Year 1 to 6 student, $1109 for every Year 7 and 8 student, $1420 for every Year 9 and 10student, and $2156 for every Year 11 to 13 student. However, the government funding is more of a partial tax rebate, as the GST payable to the government on the tuition fees collected often exceeds the government funding received in turn. 私立学校收学费，本地和留学生；政府拨

    Salaries and wages for teaching staff in state and state integrated schools are paid directly from the Ministry of Education to the employee, and are not paid out of a school's funding. The salaries are fixed nationwide, and are based on the teacher's qualifications, years of service and workload, with middle and senior management awarded extra pay through "units". 公立和私转公的教师工资有教育局直接发放，不是学校发放；全国工资统一；学历、工作年数、工作量、获奖有额外补贴

    Special needs students are entitled to Ongoing Resource Scheme (ORS) funding, which is used for facilitating the adaption of the curriculum to fit the student, funding of teacher aides and specialists, and procuring any special equipment required. There are three levels of funding based on the student's needs: very high, high or combined moderate. For example, a student who is totally blind or deaf is classified as very high needs, while a student who is partially sighted (6/36 or worse) or severely or profoundly deaf (71 dB loss or worse) is classified as high needs. ORS funding is permanent, so it continues until the student leaves school. 残疾学生政府拨款；根据残疾程度；直到学生离开学校为止

    Tertiary education大学

    Funding for tertiary education in New Zealand is through a combination of government subsidies and student fees. The government funds approved courses by a tuition grant based on the number of enrolled students in each course and the amount of study time each course requires. Courses are rated on an equivalent full-time Student (EFTS) basis. Students enrolled in courses can access Student Loans and Student Allowances to assist with fees and living costs. 政府拨款+学费；学生申请学生津贴+贷款

    Students学生

    Most tertiary education students rely on some form of state funding to pay for their tuition and living expenses. Mostly, students rely on state provided student loans and allowances. Secondary school students sitting the state run examinations are awarded scholarships, depending on their results, that assist in paying some tuition fees. Universities and other funders also provide scholarships or funding grants to promising students, though mostly at a postgraduate level. Some employers will also assist their employees to study (full-time or part-time) towards a qualification that is relevant to their work. People who receive state welfare benefits and are retraining, or returning to the workforce after raising children, may be eligible for supplementary assistance, however students already in full or part-time study are not eligible for most state welfare benefits. 大学生靠政府政策读书；学生津贴和学生贷款；中学生靠期末考试的分数得到奖学金

    Student allowances学生津贴

    Student Allowances, which are non-refundable grants to students of limited means, are means tested and the weekly amount granted depends on residential and citizenship qualifications, age, location, marital status, dependent children as well as personal, spousal or parental income. The allowance is intended for living expenses, so most students receiving an allowance will still need a student loan to pay for their tuition fees. 无需偿还；公民或居民可申请；数额根据年龄、住址、状况、个人及父母收入等因素决定；用于生活开销

    Student loans学生贷款

    The Student Loan Scheme is available to all New Zealand citizens and permanent residents. It covers course fees, course related expenses, and can also provide a weekly living allowance for full-time students. The loan must be repaid at a rate dependent on income and repayments are normally recovered via the income tax system by wage deductions. Low income earners and students in full-time study can have the interest on their loans written off. 居民和公民可申请；学费贷款；全职学生可申请生活费贷款；工作以后按照收入的百分比偿还；低收入者免息

    On 26 July 2005, the Labour Party announced that they would abolish interest on Student Loans, if re-elected at the September election, which they were. From April 2006, the interest component on Student Loans was abolished for students who live in New Zealand. This has eased pressure on the government from current students. However, it has caused resentment from past students many of whom have accumulated large interests amounts in the years 1992–2006. 06年4月起，工党废除学生贷款的利息

    Maori & Pacific Island standards 毛利和岛人标准

    According to Education Minister, Hekia Parata, New Zealand needs to raise the academic achievement of its Maori and Pacific Island students to match those of Pakeha students. In 2013 Parata claimed Pakeha were ranked second in the world, Maori were 34th equal and Pacific students were ranked 44th. 白人全球第二，毛利34，岛人44